![]() ![]() In all cultures in the past, and still among traditional and non-Western cultures, getting married is the most common and definitive distinction between boyhood and manhood. While the outward signs of masculinity look different in different cultures, there are some common aspects to its definition across cultures. Standards of manliness or masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods. It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as both males and females can exhibit masculine traits. To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. Although masculinity is socially constructed, some research indicates that some behaviors considered masculine are biologically influenced. Masculinity (also sometimes called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with boys and men. Michelangelo's David is the classical image of youthful male beauty in Western art. Secondary sexual characteristics that are specific to men include: Such features are especially evident in the sexually dimorphic phenotypic traits that distinguish between the sexes, but-unlike the primary sex characteristics-are not directly part of the reproductive system. ![]() Secondary sex characteristics are features that appear during puberty in humans. For men, primary sex characteristics include the penis and testicles. Primary sex characteristics (or sex organs) are characteristics that are present at birth and are integral to the reproductive process. For example, men tend to be taller than women, but there are many people of both sexes who are in the mid-height range for the species. Most expressions of sexual dimorphism in humans are found in height, weight, and body structure, though there are always examples that do not follow the overall pattern. Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability, although most of these characteristics do have a role in sexual attraction. Sex differentiation in males proceeds in a testes dependent way while female differentiation is not gonad dependent. The SRY gene is normally found on the Y chromosome and is the testis determining factor that governs male sex differentiation. If a sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the female ova, the offspring will be male (XY). In humans, sperm cells normally carry either an X or a Y sex chromosome. Note that the pubic hair of both models is removed. Photograph of an adult male human, with an adult female for comparison. ![]()
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January 2023
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